"antik"
Our "antik" products (e.g., viaSTON® antik, decaSTON® antik) achieve their typical rustic appearance by the so called "Drum pounding". The pounding of stones in the "drum" causes the stone edges and surfaces to be haphazardly pounded together. Thus they receive their typical antique look. In this process, no stone resembles the other. Small edge chipping is typical for the antique stone optic.
Assemblage
Arrangement of stones of the same or different sizes with the same grid, for example, stretcher, cross joints, parquet, elbow or fishbone bond.
Bevelling
Circumference formation of the upper stone edge to avoid edge damage. The bevelling can be round or flat and with different inclinations.
Bishops mitre
Side stones when laying a diagonal or herringbone formation.
Blasting
See "ferro" / "finerro" / "fluido"
Blooming
Grey film and whitish spots on the stone surface - so-called "blooming" originate from physical and chemical processes: With the setting of the concrete the calcium hydroxide is transported in the capillaries (tubes) contained in the concrete to the stone surface. Here it combines with the carbon dioxide in the air to calcium carbonate (limestone). Blooming is usually washed away with normal weathering - in persistent cases they can be removed with cement film remover.
Blooming / water stains
Blooming appears as a grey-white film on the surface. Technically it cannot to be avoided and causes no impairment to the product quality. With time or use blooming will disappear. If you would like to accelerate the process, we recommend the use of a cleaning agent. Water stains originate from rest humidity in the joint material. They also disappear with time.
Brick-on-end course
Side border stones with back support usually laid crosswise to the paving stones.
Cleaning instructions
Paved and flagstone surfaces are soiled by various substances. Normal impurities are easily removed with a broom or wet cleaning. If the soiling is caused by dirt and dust that adheres to the surface please use soft soap. Only with heavy soiling, such as with mortar or moss, should a special cleaner be used that should first be tested in an inconspicuous place. First remove loose dirt residue with a broom, then wet the surface sufficiently and use the cleaning agent as specified by the manufacturer.
Colour deviation
Despite careful monitoring and control of all important factors in the production process of concrete products from natural additive materials, on some occasions colour variations can happen. Unfortunately, they are technically unavoidable. Intensity differences are normally equalised to a great extent by normal weathering and use. Therefore, sample stones are merely a copy and are not colour binding.
Nuance colours: Before laying colour shaded paving-stones you have to pay particular attention to the fact that always stones from several different packages and in the packages from several different layers are laid at the same time. Thus you achieve a harmonious general surface appearance. Various production procedures for paving-stones, palisades and steps from the same product line or with the same colour specification can show divergent optics because of different production procedures. However, the overall impression is not affected by this.
Colour variations
Colour variations and slight differences in structure are subject to production conditions and cannot be prevented. Therefore, it is advisable when laying to always take stones from several packages and within the packages from various layers. This applies to all colours, but especially for nuanced paving stones. From experience colour variations adjust in the course of time by weathering and use.
Colour pigments
For the pre-cast surfaces of our products we use high quality, UV-resistant iron oxide, chromium oxide and cobalt colours.
Colourfastness
For the colouring of all concrete products we use exclusive high quality, UV-resistant iron oxide colours, as well as colourfast high quality chippings in the pre-cast surface of our concrete products. In spite of taking good care during production it cannot be ruled out that concrete products in general will lose their original colour brilliance in the course of time and will grow pale caused by weathering, chemical environmental factors, mechanical demands, contamination, extensive moss growth, regular cleansing processes etc.. According to present technology this is unavoidable and therefore is no reason for reclamation.
Colouring
With concrete paving stones of at least two colours, where these colours bleed together into the surface (also see "laying").
Concrete
The building material concrete originates from natural raw materials gravel and sand, cement and water. In different mixing proportions - according to the intended purpose - the damp fresh concrete is filled in forms and condensed. Then in shelves is left to harden - according to form and dimension - to flagstones, paving stones or other ready made concrete parts. The mixing proportion and the processing method determine the load carrying capacity, the durability and the structure of the product. Nearly all raw materials for concrete come from nature and are 100% reusable, whether as a broken material, e.g., in road construction or in bundled form for the production of new concrete parts.
Compacting
A process to compress the laid flagstone surface and remove unevenness by using of a compacting machine. To avoid damage to the flagstone surface a plastic apron must be used. For optimum compression of a surface it has to be compacted several times to ensure stability. Only dry surfaces may be compacted! The flagstone surface must be carefully cleaned beforehand. Do not use rollers or roll compactors. All paved surfaces must be compacted using a plate compactor with plastic or rubber apron. After compacting you must fill in the joints with sand several times until they are completely filled. Attention: Through compacting of the flagstone surface will lower it by approximately 1.0 cm.
Compaction
See "Vibration"
Concrete product norms and guidelines
With norms and guidelines concrete products, regardless of the producers, should be clear for consumers requirements concerning e.g. mass, appearance, permanence, quality control etc. Since August, 2003 in addition to the German are also the European norms valid for concrete paving-stones, curbs and flagstones. There is a transition period up to February, 2005, in which besides the German DIN Norm, also the new European DIN EN norms may be applied. From February, 2005 only the European DIN EN norms are valid. Compared with the demands of the old norm, the new EN norm require extended controls and new quality standards have been defined.
At the moment for the production, usage and implementation of concrete products, following norms, guidelines and leaflets are valid.
- DIN 483 (DIN EN 1340) concrete kerb stones
- DIN 485 (DIN EN 1339) concrete flagstones
- DIN 18500 (DIN EN 1338) concrete cut stone
- DIN 18501 (DIN EN 1338) concrete paving stones
- DIN 1045 (DIN EN 206) concrete and reinforced concrete.
In addition are valid:
- Technical advise on delivery/installation of concrete road construction products
- RstO 01
- Leaflet for construction areas with paved surface and flagstones (MFP1)
- ZTV P-STB 2000
- BGB-guidelines, non-normed concrete products - requirements and testing - (BGB-RiNGB), October 1998
- DIN 18318 for ecological paving systems also applies:
- Guideline for production and performance monitoring of water-permeable paving-stones made with traces of debris concrete
- Leaflet for water-permeable roadways of public traffic areas
- product specific laying and installation instructions from the manufacturer
Core concrete
Lower layer of a 2-layered concrete paving stone product. It accounts for about 90% of the stone thickness and has a load-bearing function. In stones made with traces of concrete debris it is also serves to divert rain from the stone surface.
Delivery
At delivery and certainly before installing please compare the delivered material to the information on the order form or delivery note. Assure yourself of the quality of the delivery, because after laying reclamations of visible defects cannot be accepted anymore.
Dimension tolerance
All stone sizes are specified grid dimensions. For technical reasons, there will be production differences, but the values of the DIN 18501 (DIN EN 1338) may not be exceeded (edge: ± 3.0 mm thickness: ± 5.0 mm). Therefore it is necessary to lay a sample row to determine the precise width of the construction
Draining capacity
Amount of water per unit time and unit area which can be absorbed through a layer, such as road building or sub grades. It is basically determined by the permeability and storage capacity of the measured layer.
Excavation
Removal of soil layers down to the necessary depth.
Extensive -Substrate
Recommended joint material for lawn chamber or stone joints to ensure optimal vegetation support and durable seepage capacity for the paved surface.
"ferro" (blasted with steel balls)
With this process tiny stainless steel balls are catapulted at high speed onto the surface. The fine top plaster layer is chipped by the impact of the steel balls, whereby the surface is slightly roughened and the high quality stone chippings are exposed.
Filter Stability
Term used in soil science. The term filter stability refers to the fulfilment of the so-called "Filter Rules": The grain sizes in the different layers must be chosen so that no material exchange can take place between the individual layers (either up or down). Due to the stability of the filter structure, the bearing capacity of the area is assured.
"fino" (burnished)
With this method, the top facing layer stones and slabs is burnished with rotating discs and even large granite chippings are exposed. So the beauty of the coloured high quality chipping is visible. Finely polished surfaces are particularly colourful and lively. They are fascinating because of their brilliant character and are also very easy to keep clean because of their noticeably smooth surface.
finerro (burnished und steel ball blasted)
"Two in One" is another variant of refining. After the burnishing process (fino) the paving and flagstones are gently blasted with steel balls. Through this procedure (ferro) the surface is slightly roughened and the colour appears as a delicate shade lighter. The result is a silky surface.
PAVEMENT - ABC fluido (water blasted).
In this procedure the stones are gently blasted with clear water. So the brilliant colours of natural stone high quality chipping show to their full advantage. The result is a natural beauty that you can feel.
Foundations
Artificial ballast on the in-situ ground.
The foundation is used to level the ground and as a base for laying the flagstones. The thickness of the flagstone foundation should be 3.0 cm to 5.0 cm in compressed state. According to the German Institute for Standardization 18318 foundation sand, gravel, crushed sand and grit is used as material. With water-permeable surfaces a material with sufficient porosity must be chosen for the foundation i.e. a 1/3 mm or 2/5 mm grained grit.
Grid dimension
The majority of manufactured paving surfaces are based on a grid system. Based on this grid, cutting, breaking or cracking of stones is usually unnecessary. The grid of a paving stone system always includes stone plus joint.
The grid for the designer / architect as well as the constructor is indispensable information for planning the products within the grid, because then it corresponds to the construction measurements. The specifications in the Service Bulletin „required stones in piece/m2“ include the joint (a 3.0 to 5.0 mm according to the rules).
High quality chippings
Multiply crushed fine grained natural rock, with high requirements, in comparison to normal chippings, concerning grain size, shape, frost and colour fastness. High quality chippings are used for the production of coloured pre-cast concrete paving stones and flagstone surfaces. They exist in almost every colour: white, anthracite, yellow, red, brown, green, even blue is possible. These chippings are mined all over Europe and partly overseas. Rarity of the deposit and transport distance determines the price. Geological conditions determine the colour uniformity. Mostly for concrete and cast stone are the following rock types suited: granite, basalt, quartz, porphyry, limestone, and diabase.
Joints
The space between the stones. For paving, the width should be according to regulations from 3.0 to 5.0 mm. For systems with plantable joints the distance should, for technical vegetation reasons, be at least 20.0 mm. The stone joints in combination with a suitable joint material will function as an elastic support between two stones. This means, that the individual stones remain in position and the load is horizontally and vertically evenly distributed. Correct joints and joints fillings are therefore an absolute priority for a functioning pavement surface. In addition, expertly laid stone joints will keep the matrix dimensions. Product processing differences can be offset during installation with proper compliance gaps within the grid size.
Joint material
Suitable filler for the joints are sand, gravel, crushed sand and chippings. Suitable grain sizes: sand 0 / 2 mm or 0 / 4 mm, gravel 1 / 3 mm or 2 / 5 mm or a graded mixture of crushed sand and chippings 0 / 3 mm 0 / 5 mm. On drainage surfaces a special joint material must be used.
Kerb treatment
See "linear", "antik" and "antikplus"
Laying
All paving stones when being laid must be adjusted in height, angle and be flush (with cord or calibre). Please allow sufficient joint distance between. The joint width must be 3. to 5.0 mm (DIN 18318). Paving stones should not be positioned together so that they grate, otherwise edges will flake and any production differences cannot be compensated. Spacers are not a substitute for the prescribed joint width. It is advisable when laying always to use stones simultaneously from several packages and within the packages from various layers. This applies to all colours, but especially for nuanced paving stones.
Linear
Stones with "sharp", untreated edges. By comparison, the edges of the "antique" stones have been irregularly broken.
Module
By a module we understand the grey marked stone formations in a construction grid. These stone formations are always the same size. They always consist of the same number of stones with the appropriate dimensions.
Nominal dimensions
In the new European standards for paving, nominal dimensions are specified. Here it is the matter of the actual stone dimensions. These are smaller than those in the manufacturer’s concrete paving system documentation of specified grid dimensions. (See also "grid size").
Plane
Surface of the underground (in-situ soil) or sub grade (artificial ballast i.e. a dam).
Pore volume
The term "pore volume" refers to the hollow spaces in the structure of a porous debris (produced without fine sand particles) concrete stone. The pore volume of the blocks ensures the drainage of heavy rainfall through the stone. It also ensures that a portion of the emerging rain water evaporates and which benefits the soil environment (Products: geoSTON®/ greenSTON®).
Quality standards
Our products are made of quality material. Concrete is not only versatile and natural, but also robust and durable. Our products are manufactured according to product standards and subject to quality controls internal and also external monitoring by an independent testing institute. Our products meet the demands of a resilient, weather resistant and durable construction material - so we can always guarantee our customers high quality.
Resolution concrete
Top layer of a double layered produced paving stone. The resolution surface in addition to being the load bearing layer has primarily a creative function. The lower layer is called the core or carrier concrete.
Rumbling
Siee "antik"
Seeping Ability
Seeping ability is the water absorption and permeability of a pavement system - measured in quantity and time.
Shading
Slopes
Canting of level surface. A cant is due to topographic condition (usually of a longitudinal gradient), or for technical requirements be artificially required for drainage reasons (camber).
Superstructure
A superstructure is known as the part above the ground level in constructing a paved surface. It can consist of one or more base layers and the top level. The thickness of the superstructure is determined, among other things through the frost sensitivity of the underground / base and the frost impact zone. For construction with paved surfaces it is preferable to use the superstructure as shown in the drawing "Structure of pavement surface". We distinguish two main construction methods, and that is base layer on frost layer or base layer on layer of frost resistant material.
Surface conditioning
We offer paving stones, flagstones and made-to-measure elements with following surface treatments: "ferro" / "finerro" / "fino" / "fluido" / "tecto" / "antique-plus
Spacers
Around the sides of the paving-stones from top to bottom are indentations which are round or trapezoid shaped. Round or flat spacers with a thickness of 1.5 – 4.0 mm. Spacers serve as a transport and edge protection as well as to ensure a minimum joint width.
"Stocken"
See "tecto"
Stone supply
A flagstone surface can only do justice to the demands of firmness and durability with properly implemented joints. Hence, the actual laying width should always to be calculated with the appropriate joint norm and then carried out. The products are delivered so that the ordered surface can be laid under observance of the grid measure. The width of the spacer is not identical with the total width of the joint. A sufficient joint width is necessary to transfer the load and the spacers should never butt or grate onto the neighbouring stone.
Substrate
medium for plants; joint material suitable for lawn chamber and joint stones.
Substratum
Within the paved anchorage is the substratum layer the element that distributes the arising loads (car traffic, etc.) and must divert them to the layers underneath. The professional preparation of the supporting layer determines the durability of a traffic surface. The layer thickness will be specified depending on the traffic load and local conditions according to RStO 01. Specifications concerning viability, material density and particle composition are decided in ZTVT-StB 95/2002 (See also "Filter stability"). As a base course material either unbroken (gravel) or broken minerals (crushed) are used. The water permeability of the substratum down to the base layer must be ensured. Rough surfaces are to be rectified with the correct grain sized material. The surface must be compacted, otherwise the foundation material would tickle into the gravel and deform the pavement surface.
Tecto
With the tecto process the refined character of natural stone is worked with metal hammers. The result is refinement in traditional art.
Under ground
In-situ ground
Upper surface
Upper surface is the description of the top layer of a paved surface, consisting of stone layer, joints and foundation.
Water blasted
see "fluido"
Winter service
Basically the use of de-icing salt should be avoided on private surfaces. We recommend instead, alternative gritting material, i.e. 2/5 mm grain sized grit. Particularly fresh concrete does not yet have the full resistance for de-icing salt. Therefore, should within the first three month of laying there be snow and ice conditions, then you should not use de-icing salt. On ecological surface systems alternative gritting material (no de-icing-salt) should generally be used.
